Ludwig (1970): study US 1965
Publication
- Author(s):
- Ludwig, L.D.
- Title:
- Intra- and Inter-Individual Relationships between Elation-Depression and Desire for Excitement.
- Source:
- Journal of Personality, 1970, Vol. 38, 167 - 176
Investigation
- Public
- University students, University of Wisconsin, USA, 196?
- Sample
- Respondents
- N = 45
- Non Response
- Assessment
-
Questionnaire: Paper & Pencil Interview (PAPI)
Every night for 20 days.
Happiness Measure(s) and Distributional Findings
- Full text:
-
Self report on single question, answered every evening before retiring during six weeks (experience sampling)
"On average; how elated or depressed, happy or unhappy you felt today....?
10 Complete elation, rapturous joy and soaring ecstasy
9 Very elated and in very high spirits. Tremendous
delight and buoyancy
8 Elated and in high spirits
7 Feeling very good and cheerful
6 Feeling pretty good , "OK"
5 Feeling a little bit low. Just so-so
4 Spirits low and somewhat 'blue'
3 Depressed and feeling very low.
Definitely 'blue'
2 Tremendously depressed.
Feeling terrible, really miserable, "just awful"
1 Utter depression and gloom. Completely down.
All is black and leaden. Wish it were all over.
Name: Wessman & Ricks' `Elation - depression scale' - Classification:
- A-ARE-md-sqr-v-10-b
- Author's label:
- Elation.
Correlational Findings
Feeling tranquil (vs restless)