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Correlational findings

Study VanHemert et al. (2002a): study ZZ 1974

Public
Adults, general public, 30 countries, 1974-1999
Sample
Respondents
N = 44098
Non Response
not reported
Assessment
Questionnaire: Paper & Pencil Interview (PAPI)

Correlate

Authors's Label
Level of democracy
Our Classification
Operationalization
Inglehart's (1997) measure of level of (effective) democracy in 1990.

Multiplication of the Freedom House index for political and civil rights and the World Bank's anticorruption scores (Kaufman, Kraay, and Mastruzzi, 2003).

Observed Relation with Happiness

Happiness Measure Statistics Elaboration / Remarks O-Sum-*-sq-vt-11-a r = +.75 p < .01 Average happiness by level of democracy in 21 countries.